Like a Prayer

Like a Prayer
Studio album by Madonna
Released March 21, 1989
Recorded September 1988 – January 1989 at D&D Recording, New York City, New York
Ocean Way Recording, Hollywood, California
Genre Pop, dance-pop, pop rock
Length 51:16
Label Sire, Warner Bros.
Producer Madonna, Patrick Leonard, Stephen Bray, Prince
Madonna chronology
You Can Dance
(1987)		 Like a Prayer
(1989)		 I'm Breathless
(1990)
Singles from Like a Prayer
  1. "Like a Prayer"
    Released: February 27, 1989
  2. "Express Yourself"
    Released: May 9, 1989
  3. "Cherish"
    Released: August 1, 1989
  4. "Oh Father"
    Released: October 24, 1989
  5. "Dear Jessie"
    Released: December 10, 1989
  6. "Keep It Together"
    Released: January 30, 1990

Like a Prayer is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on March 21, 1989 by Sire Records, three years after her previous studio album. Madonna worked with Stephen Bray, Patrick Leonard, and fellow icon Prince on the album while co-writing and co-producing all the songs. As Madonna's most introspective release at the time, Like a Prayer has been described as a confessional record. She described the album as a collection of songs "about my mother, my father, and bonds with my family." The album was dedicated to her mother, who died when Madonna was young.

The album uses live instrumentation and incorporates elements of dance, funk, gospel, and soul into a more general pop style. Madonna drew from her Catholic upbringing, as seen in the album's title track and lead single "Like a Prayer". The lyrics deals with themes from Madonna's childhood and adolescence, such as the death of her mother in "Promise to Try", the importance of family in "Keep It Together", and her relationship with her father in "Oh Father". Madonna also preaches female empowerment in "Express Yourself". Upon its release, Like a Prayer was mostly praised by music critics. Rolling Stone hailed it as "...as close to art as pop music gets."

Commercially, Like a Prayer became an international success like its predecessors, reaching the top of the charts in multiple territories. The album was certified quadruple platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America. Six singles were released from the album: "Like a Prayer", "Express Yourself", "Cherish", "Oh Father", "Dear Jessie", and "Keep It Together". "Like a Prayer" became Madonna's seventh number-one on the Billboard Hot 100, while "Express Yourself" and "Cherish" peaked at number-two. Worldwide the album has sold over 15 million copies.

With the singles' accompanying music videos, Madonna furthered her creativity and became known as a leading figure in the format. The music video for "Like a Prayer" was a lightning rod for religious controversy, using Catholic iconography such as stigmata and burning crosses, and a dream about making love to a saint, leading the Vatican to condemn the video and causing Pepsi to cancel Madonna's sponsorship contract. "Express Yourself" was the most expensive music video ever made at the time. The album preceded Madonna's ground-breaking Blond Ambition World Tour. At the end of the 1980s, following the release of Like a Prayer, Madonna was named as the "Artist of the Decade" by media such as Billboard, MTV, and Musician magazine.[1][2][3]

Contents

Background and development

Madonna worked on the album with Stephen Bray and Patrick Leonard, who she collaborated with for 1986's True Blue.[4] She also enlisted the help of fellow icon Prince for their duet on "Love Song". Madonna co-wrote and co-produced every song on the album. Recording began in September 1988 and continued until January 1989. Madonna and her husband Sean Penn filed for divorce in January 1989, following a nullified divorce filing in late 1987 and several well-publicized fights involving Penn, one of which led to a 60-day prison term.[5] The incident inspired the song "Til Death Do Us Part", which details the failed marriage.[6] Like a Prayer developed an introspective theme, utilizing confessional lyrics about personal issues. Madonna described the album as a collection of songs "about my mother, my father, and bonds with my family. [...] It's taken a lot of guts to do this."[7] It was claimed the album was her "most different" work to date.[7]

Like a Prayer was dedicated to Madonna's mother, who died when Madonna was five.[8] The songs "intertwine her search for faith with her search for her mother."[8] Madonna's struggle with religion inspired the album. "The theme of Catholicism runs rampant through my album," she said. "It's me struggling with the mystery and magic that surrounds it. My own Catholicism is in constant upheaval."[8] "The album is drawn from what I was going through when I was growing up," Madonna told Rolling Stone. She added, "I'm still growing up."[9]

Packaging

The album was titled for the influence of Catholicism on Madonna's early life.[7] Its cover art has been seen as a reference to Sticky Fingers by The Rolling Stones.[10] The packaging on the first pressings of the CD, cassette, and LP were scented with patchouli oils to simulate church incense.[11] A publicist for Warner Bros. Records said, "She wanted to create a flavor of the 60's and the church. She wanted to create a sensual feeling you could hear and smell."[11] The inlays included pictures of a brunette Madonna. The album also included an insert with safer sex guidelines and a warning about the dangers of AIDS, to which Madonna had lost friends.[12]

Composition

'The album "teems with 60's and early 70's echoes - of the Beatles, Simon and Garfunkel, and Sly and the Family Stone - all pumped up with a brash, if occasionally klutzy, 80's sense of showmanship."[8][13] A press release said the album includes "a number of hot dance tracks" but noted, "much of the material [...] is of a personal tone."[14]

Madonna drew from her Catholic upbringing, as seen in the album's title track and lead single "Like a Prayer". She described it as "the song of a passionate young girl so in love with God that it is almost as though He were the male figure in her life. From around 8 to 12 years old, I had the same feelings. I really wanted to be a nun."[8] The lyrics deals with themes from Madonna's childhood and adolescence, such as the death of her mother in "Promise to Try",[6] the importance of family in "Keep It Together", and her relationship with her harsh father in "Oh Father".[6][8] Madonna also preaches female empowerment in "Express Yourself", "in which Madonna expresses a 30-year-old's view of life unshadowed by rebellion and lingering lapsed Catholic pain."[8] "Til Death Do Us Part" is about the violent dissolution of Madonna's marriage to Sean Penn.[6] The song was described as "an anxious jumpy ballad that describes a marriage wracked with drinking, violent quarrels and a possessive, self-hating husband. Its ending finds the couple locked by their unbreakable marriage vows into a miserable cul-de-sac."[8] Madonna noted that could have happened to her and Penn had they followed the Roman Catholic doctrine and not filed for divorce.[8] "Dear Jessie" was inspired by Patrick Leonard's daughter. It was described as "a musical fantasia about pink elephants, lemonade and the land of make-believe, offers a stylish swatch of late Beatles-style psychedelia."[8] The album also includes themes of love on "Cherish" and "Love Song", "a yowling come-hither duet" with Prince.[8] "Spanish Eyes" is said to have "confronted the still-taboo issue of AIDS."[13] Stephen Holden of The New York Times noted, "The songs, which deal directly and very emotionally with her failed marriage to the actor Sean Penn, her family, and her Catholic girlhood, transcend the brassy dance-pop of her three previous records to reveal Madonna as a vulnerable human being."[8] Jon Pareles of the same publication mused that the album "is largely a meditation on male power and love, from paternalistic religion to parents to partners."[15]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic [16]
The Daily Vault (A) [12]
Entertainment Weekly (B) [17]
Hot Press Positive [18]
Q [19]
Robert Christgau (B+) [20]
Rolling Stone (1989) [6]
Rolling Stone (2004) [9]
Slant [13]

Like a Prayer received generally positive reviews from music critics. Madonna was commended for her autobiographical songwriting, as well as her improved vocals.[9][13][17] J. D. Considine of Rolling Stone hailed it as "...as close to art as pop music gets ... proof not only that Madonna should be taken seriously as an artist but that hers is one of the most compelling voices of the Eighties."[6] Considine also said the tracks "are stunning in their breadth and achievement."[6] Lloyd Bradley of Q said, "musically it's varied, unexpected and far from instantly accessible; lyrically, it's moving, intelligent and candid."[19] Robert Christgau awarded the album a B+. He felt that "the declaration of filial independence and the recommendation of romantic independence [are] challenging, thrilling--and they'll get more thrilling."[20] Allmusic noted that Like a Prayer is Madonna's "most explicit attempt at a major artistic statement [...] Madonna displays a commanding sense of songcraft, making this her best and most consistent album."[16] BBC, in an article about the ups and downs of Madonna's career, said the album's release "marks the moment when critics first begin to describe Madonna as an artist, rather than a mere pop singer."[21]

Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine described the album as "a collection of pop confections layered with live instrumentation, sophisticated arrangements, deeply felt lyrics, and a stronger, more assured vocal."[13] The review concluded by declaring Like a Prayer "one of the quintessential pop albums of all time.[13]

Commercial response

The album debuted at number eleven on the Billboard 200, and within three weeks was number one, where it would stay for over a month. The singles "Express Yourself" and "Cherish" both reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, while "Oh Father" was her least successful single since 1984, peaking at number twenty. "Keep It Together" reached number eight, and "Dear Jessie" became a hit single in Europe, with an animated video. After the advent of the Nielsen Soundscan era in 1991, the album sold a further 575,000 copies in the United States.[22] The album was also very successful in Asia and Oceania. In Japan, Like a Prayer reached number one on the Oricon weekly albums chart and remained on the chart for 22 weeks.[23] At the 1990 Japan Gold Disc Awards held by the Recording Industry Association of Japan, Madonna won three awards for "Artist of the Year", "Grand Prix Album of the Year"—which acknowledge the best-selling international artist and best-selling international album of the year, respectively—and "Best Album of the Year – Pops Solo".[24] It also became her sixth platinum album in Hong Kong, the most for any international artist of the decade.[25] Like a Prayer has sold over 15 million copies worldwide.[26]

At the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards, Madonna performed a high-energy version of "Express Yourself" as a preview for her upcoming world tour. She embarked on the Blond Ambition World Tour, which initially known as "Like a Prayer Tour". A remix mini-album, Remixed Prayers, was released in Japan to promote the album on August 25, 1989. It reached number 24 on the Oricon weekly albums Chart and was present on the chart for five weeks.[27]

Singles

The title track "Like a Prayer", "whose lyrics could be about carnal or religious transcendence," was the first single to be released from the album in March 1989.[15] Jim Farber of Entertainment Weekly said, "The gospel-infused title track demonstrates that her writing and performing had been raised to heavenly new heights."[17] The song was featured in a television advertisement for soft drink manufacturer Pepsi, although the ads were canceled following the song's controversial music video.[28][29] In the video, Madonna incorporated many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and burning crosses, and a dream about making love to a saint.[10] Holden of The New York Times said the video "surpasses Madonna's earlier music videos in its heady swirl of sacred and profane images."[8] The scandal led "Like a Prayer" to the top of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Madonna's sixth U.S. number-one single. It also reached number one in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, among other countries.

The album's second single, "Express Yourself", is "an unabashed groove tune" which is "smart and sassy."[6] Madonna preaches female empowerment, and advises girls not to settle for less than they are worth. It peaked at number two in the U.S. and was a top five hit worldwide. The music video was inspired by the classic Fritz Lang film Metropolis (1927). Its budget of $5 million made it the most expensive music video in history at the time it was made (it is currently the third most expensive of all time).[30] It was followed by "Cherish", an adult contemporary hit which also peaked at number two on the Hot 100. The song "manages a nod to the Association song of the same title" and "makes savvy retro-rock references."[6] The album's fourth single, "Oh Father", is "an homage to Simon & Garfunkel and tells the story of an abused child."[31] The video, inspired by Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (1941), reunited Madonna with "Express Yourself" director David Fincher.

"Dear Jessie", which "boasts kaleidoscopic Sgt. Pepper-isms," was released in Australia, the United Kingdom, and some other European countries.[6] "Keep It Together" is inspired by Sly and the Family Stone.[13] It was the sixth and final single to be taken from the album. In Australia, it was released as an AA-side with "Vogue", resulting in a number one hit.

Legacy

Like a Prayer "defiantly grabbed Christian language and imagery," according to Jon Pareles of The New York Times.[15]

According to the list of "All-TIME 100 Albums" by Time magazine's critics, Like a Prayer is one of the 100 greatest and most influential musical compilations since 1954.[32] In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine named it the 237th greatest album of all time.[33] Apart from that the album is featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[34] In 2006, Q magazine placed the album at #14 in its list of "40 Best Albums of the '80s".[35] In 2005, a poll of half million people on British television network Channel 4 placed Like a Prayer at number eight on list of "The 100 Greatest Albums in Music History".[36]

Music videos and reaction to "Like a Prayer"

Author John Semonche explained in his book Censoring sex that with True Blue and Like a Prayer, Madonna pushed the envelope of what could be shown on television, which resulted in increase of her popularity.[37] Madonna tried to experiment with different forms and styles with the videos and in the process constructed a new set of image and identity.[38] The lead single from the album, "Like a Prayer", was featured in a television advertisement for soft drink manufacturer Pepsi, as a part of Madonna's endorsement deal with the company.[28] The video "set a media circus in motion, stirring up just those issues of sexuality and religiosity that Madonna wanted to bring up."[15] In response to the controversial music video, the Vatican condemned the video. Critics accused it of sacrilege and heresy.[10] Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract.[29] However, she was allowed to retain her fee of five million dollars. Madonna commented, "Art should be controversial, and that's all there is to it."[8] It was said that the video for "Like a Prayer" could be "read as an indictment of a white male patriarchal Christianity in the name of what has happened to 'white' women and to Black men."[10] The iconic images have "proven to be some of the most striking, unforgettable images in music video history and serve only to further the clip's condemnation of racial profiling and religious guilt."[31]

The music video for "Express Yourself", directed by David Fincher, was the most expensive music video at the time of its creation. Named the greatest video of all-time by Slant Magazine, it was said to be "as conceptually audacious as Metropolis because it celebrates both the power of the female sex and its ability to cripple the machine that dehumanizes it."[31] Inspired by the Fritz Lang film Metropolis (1927), Madonna exerted her artistic control and oversaw every aspect of production. She said:

"This one I had the most amount of input. I oversaw everything—the building of the sets, everyone's costumes, I had meetings with make-up and hair and the cinematographer, everybody. Casting, finding the right cat—just every aspect. Kind of like making a little movie. We basically sat down and just threw out all every idea we could possibly conceive of and of all the things we wanted. All the imagery we wanted—and I had a few set ideas, for instance the cat and the idea of Metropolis. I definitely wanted to have that influence, that look on all the men—the workers, diligently, methodically working away."[39]

"Cherish" was accompanied by a music video directed by Herb Ritts, who previously shot the iconic photograph used for Madonna's True Blue album art. The video is "a playful mermaid-inspired beach romp."[40] It was followed by the black-and-white video clip for "Oh Father", directed again by Fincher, which drew inspiration from Orson Welles' cinematic masterpiece Citizen Kane (1941).[41] Mirroring the album's autobiographical themes, "the video alludes to the singer's devout Catholic upbringing, the death of her mother and her abusive marriage to Sean Penn."[31] "Dear Jessie" was accompanied simply by an animated video.

The album's music videos earned seven nominations at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year ("Like a Prayer") and Best Female Video ("Express Yourself").[42] The video for "Oh Father" was nominated the Best Short Form Music Video at the 33rd Grammy Awards.[43][44]

Track listing

No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length
1. "Like a Prayer"   Madonna, Patrick Leonard Madonna, Leonard 5:39
2. "Express Yourself"   Madonna, Stephen Bray Madonna, Bray 4:39
3. "Love Song" (with Prince) Madonna, Prince Rodgers Nelson Madonna, Prince 4:52
4. "Till Death Do Us Part"   Madonna, Leonard Madonna, Leonard 5:16
5. "Promise to Try"   Madonna, Leonard Madonna, Leonard 3:36
6. "Cherish"   Madonna, Leonard Madonna, Leonard 5:03
7. "Dear Jessie"   Madonna, Leonard Madonna, Leonard 4:20
8. "Oh Father"   Madonna, Leonard Madonna, Leonard 4:57
9. "Keep It Together"   Madonna, Bray Madonna, Bray 5:03
10. "Spanish Eyes"   Madonna, Leonard Madonna, Leonard 5:15
11. "Act of Contrition"   Madonna, Leonard Madonna, Leonard 2:19
Additional notes

Charts and certifications

Charts

Chart Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart 4
Austrian Albums Chart 1
Brazil Top Albums Chart 1
Dutch Albums Chart[45] 1
European Albums Chart 1
Finnish Albums Chart 1
French Albums Chart 1
German Albums Chart 1
Irish Albums Chart 1
Italian Albums Chart[46] 1
Japanese Albums Chart[23] 1
Mexican Albums Chart 1
New Zealand Albums Chart 1
Norwegian Albums Chart 1
Spanish Albums Chart[47] 1
Swedish Albums Chart 1
Swiss Albums Chart 1
UK Albums Chart 1
U.S. Billboard 200[48] 1

Certifications

Country Certification
Argentina Platinum[49]
Australia Platinum[50]
Austria Platinum[51]
Brazil 2× Platinum[52]
Canada 5× Platinum[53]
Finland Platinum[54]
France 2× Platinum[55]
Germany 3× Gold[56]
Hong Kong Platinum[25]
Netherlands Platinum[57]
New Zealand 2× Platinum[58]
Spain 4× Platinum[47]
Switzerland 2× Platinum[59]
United Kingdom 4× Platinum[60]
United States 4× Platinum[61]

Chart procession and succession

Preceded by
Anything for You by Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine		 UK Albums Chart number one album
April 1, 1989 – April 14, 1989		 Succeeded by
When the World Knows Your Name by Deacon Blue
Preceded by
A New Flame by Simply Red		 European Top 100 Albums number one album
April 8, 1989 – May 20, 1989		 Succeeded by
Street Fighting Years by Simple Minds
Preceded by
Shōwa by Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi		 Japanese Albums Chart number-one album
April 17, 1989		 Succeeded by
Heart & Soul by Junichi Inagaki
Preceded by
Lōc-ed After Dark by Tone Loc		 U.S. Billboard 200 number-one album
April 22, 1989 – June 2, 1989		 Succeeded by
The Raw & the Cooked by Fine Young Cannibals

Album credits

Personnel
  • Drums: Jonathan Moffett, Jeff Porcaro, John Robinson
  • Percussion: Luis Conte, Paulinho da Costa
  • Bass: Guy Pratt, Randy Jackson
  • Guitars: Chester Kamen, David Williams, Dann Huff, Bruce Gaitsch
  • Requinto: Marcos Loya
  • Synthesizers: Patrick Leonard, Jai Winding, Stephen Bray, Madonna
  • Acoustic Piano, B3 Organ, Clavinet: Patrick Leonard
  • Marimba: Joe Porcaro
  • Tambourine: Sandra Crouch
  • Brass Section: Chuck Findley, David Boruff, Steven Madaio, Dick Hyde
  • French Horns: Joseph Mayer, Richard Todd
  • Solo Cello: Larry Corbett
  • Backing Vocals: Madonna, Niki Harris, Marilyn Martin, Donna DeLory, Ali Nadirah, Lynne Fiddmont, Rose Banks, Marcos Loya, The Andrae Crouch Choir
  • Horn Arrangement: Chuck Findley
  • Strings Arranged & Conducted By Bill Meyers
  • Concertmaster: Suzie Katayama
Production
  • Producers: Madonna, Patrick Leonard, Stephen Bray, Prince
  • Engineers: Bill Bottrell, Eddie Miller, Stephen Shelton, Heidi Hanschu
  • Additional engineers: Michael Vail Blum, Robert Salcedo, Stacy Baird, Joe Schiff
  • Mixing: Bill Bottrell
  • Mastering: Bob Ludwig

Notes

  1. ^ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 217
  2. ^ Press release (1990-05-25). "Michael, Madonna Top 'Billboard' Poll". Dayton Daily News (Cox Enterprises): 23. ISSN 0897-0920. 
  3. ^ Bego 2000, p. 232
  4. ^ Britt, Bruce (1989-03-03). "Madonna album set for release". The Lewiston Journal. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6b0gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tGkFAAAAIBAJ&dq=madonna%20new%20album&pg=1418%2C391508. Retrieved 2010-02-01. 
  5. ^ "Madonna and Sean Penn to end their marriage". The New York Times. Associated Press (The New York Times Company). 1989-01-07. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/07/arts/madonna-and-sean-penn-to-end-their-marriage.html?src=pm. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Considine, J. D. (1989-04-06). "Like A Prayer by Madonna". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/like-a-prayer-19890406. Retrieved 2007-01-21. 
  7. ^ a b c Burnett, Bryan (1989-03-01). "Of the Pops, with the big news on Madonna". Evening Times. Newsquest. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UoVDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=26YMAAAAIBAJ&dq=madonna%20new%20album&pg=6770%2C106335. Retrieved 2010-02-01. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Holden, Stephen (1989-03-19). "Madonna re-creates herself - again". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0713F735540C7A8DDDAA0894D1484D81. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
  9. ^ a b c Edwards, Gavin (2004-08-19). "Like A Prayer by Madonna". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/like-a-prayer-20040819. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  10. ^ a b c d Freccero, Carla (1992). "Our Lady of MTV: Madonna's 'Like a Prayer'". Boundary 2 (Duke University Press) 19 (2): 163–175. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9539958&site=ehost-live. Retrieved 2011-02-11. 
  11. ^ a b "Making scents of Madonna". TimesDaily. Tennessee Valley Printing Co.. 1989-06-28. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V2IeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hsgEAAAAIBAJ&dq=madonna%20like-a-prayer&pg=1858%2C4851133. Retrieved 2010-02-01. 
  12. ^ a b Smith, Michael R (2008-09-14). "Like A Prayer". The Daily Vault. http://dailyvault.com/toc.php5?review=5657. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Cinquemani, Sal (2003-10-11). "Madonna: Like a Prayer". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/madonna-like-a-prayer/342. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  14. ^ "Release set". The Albany Herald. Southern Community Newspapers. 1989-01-27. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PA1SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KzUNAAAAIBAJ&dq=madonna%20new%20album&pg=5437%2C3975012. Retrieved 2010-02-01. 
  15. ^ a b c d Pareles, Jon (1990-06-11). "Critic's Notebook; On the Edge of the Permissible: Madonna's Evolving Persona". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/11/arts/critic-s-notebook-on-the-edge-of-the-permissible-madonna-s-evolving-persona.html?pagewanted=4&src=pm. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  16. ^ a b http://www.allmusic.com/album/r12208
  17. ^ a b c Farber, Jim (2001-07-20). "Girl material". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc.. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,168394,00.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  18. ^ Byrne, George. "Like A Prayer". Hot Press. http://www.hotpress.com/archive/587237.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  19. ^ a b Bradley, Lloyd (1989-05). "Madonna: Like a Prayer". Q. Bauer Media Group. http://www.rocksbackpages.com/article.html?ArticleID=11347. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  20. ^ a b Christgau, Robert. "Consumer Guide: Madonna discography". Robert Christgau. http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=madonna. Retrieved 2011-02-12. 
  21. ^ Savage, Mark (2008-08-15). "Pop superstars turn 50". BBC (BBC Online). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7447895.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-07. 
  22. ^ Grein, Paul (2010-08-12). "Week Ending Aug. 8, 2008: Taylor Swift Returns". Yahoo!. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/61449/week-ending-aug-8-2008-taylor-swift-returns/. Retrieved 2010-08-12. 
  23. ^ a b "ライク・ア・プレイヤー" (in Japanese). Oricon. 1989-04-09. http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/162927/products/music/9160/2/. Retrieved 2010-07-10. 
  24. ^ "ゴールドディスク大賞受賞者一覧" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. 1987-2006. http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gdlist/pdf/gd1-20_list.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-26. 
  25. ^ a b "Gold Disc Award > Gold Disc Award Criteria". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. http://www.ifpihk.org/www_1/go8e.php. Retrieved 2011-08-17. 
  26. ^ Staff reporter (2006-08-02). "Chiesa: Da Madonna A Dan Brown, Vaticano Sotto I Colpi Dello Show-Business" (in Italian). Adnkronos (Giuseppe Marra Communications). http://www.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/2006/08/02/Cronaca/CHIESA-DA-MADONNA-A-DAN-BROWN-VATICANO-SOTTO-I-COLPI-DELLO-SHOW-BUSINESS-2_174330.php. Retrieved 2011-11-23. 
  27. ^ "リミックス・プレイヤーズ" (in Japanese). Oricon. 1989-08-25. http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/162927/products/music/8563/2/. Retrieved 2010-07-10. 
  28. ^ a b Wollenberg, Skip (1989-03-01). "Pepsi expecting millions to view new Madonna ad". Kentucky New Era. Taylor W. Hayes. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-vIrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RWoFAAAAIBAJ&dq=madonna%20new%20album&pg=1158%2C195557. Retrieved 2010-02-01. 
  29. ^ a b "Pepsi cancels Madonna ad". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). 1989-04-05. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0716F83B580C768CDDAD0894D1484D81. Retrieved 2010-02-01. 
  30. ^ "Express Yourself". Madonna.com. http://www.madonna.com/discography/index/album/albumId/48/. Retrieved 2011-02-13. 
  31. ^ a b c d Cinquemani, Sal; Ed Gonzalez (2003-06-30). "100 Greatest Music Videos". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/feature/100-greatest-music-videos/205/. Retrieved 2011-02-13. 
  32. ^ "The All-TIME 100 Albums: Like a Prayer by Madonna - TIME Magazine - ALL-TIME 100 Albums". Time. http://www.time.com/time/2006/100albums/0,27693,Like_a_Prayer,00.html. 
  33. ^ Posted Nov 18, 2003 12:00 AM (2003-11-18). "The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/3. Retrieved 2009-12-31. 
  34. ^ "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". Quintessence Editions Ltd.. 2003. http://www.1001beforeyoudie.com. Retrieved 2010-11-25. 
  35. ^ Q August 2006, Issue 241
  36. ^ http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/radiohead-beat-beatles-and-stones-in-best-album-poll
  37. ^ Semonche 2007, p. 162
  38. ^ Kellner 1995, p. 274
  39. ^ St. Michael 2004
  40. ^ "Cherish". Madonna.com. http://www.madonna.com/discography/index/album/albumId/49/. Retrieved 2011-02-13. 
  41. ^ "Oh Father". Madonna.com. http://www.madonna.com/discography/index/album/albumId/50/. Retrieved 2011-02-13. 
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  55. ^ Disque En France
  56. ^ AT LEAST ONE OF artist or title MUST BE PROVIDED for GERMAN CERTIFICATION.
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  60. ^ Platinum Awards Content
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References

  • Bego, Mark (2000), Madonna: Blonde Ambition, Cooper Square Press, ISBN 9780815410515 
  • Kellner, Douglas (1995), Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern, Routledge, ISBN 0415105706 
  • St. Michael, Mick (2004), Madonna 'talking': Madonna in Her Own Words, Omnibus Press, ISBN 1844494187 
  • Semonche, John E (2007), Censoring sex: a historical journey through American media, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0742551326 
  • Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2002), Madonna: An Intimate Biography, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0743228804 

External links